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Fetal Circulation vs. Neonatal Circulation: The Transition at Birth

The fetus lives in a fluid-filled world , where the lungs are collapsed , oxygen is supplied via …

Embryology of the Heart: How Does the Heart Develop?

The human heart, a four-chambered marvel , begins as a simple tubular structure and undergoes a…

Shock & Hemodynamics: Understanding Circulatory Collapse

Imagine a well-functioning irrigation system supplying water to an entire field. If the pump fail…

Pulmonary Circulation & Right Heart Function: The Unsung Workhorse of the Cardiovascular System

When we think of the heart, we often picture the powerful left ventricle, the force behind syste…

Valvular Heart Diseases: Stenosis vs. Regurgitation – When Heart Valves Fail

Imagine the heart as a busy four-way intersection, where valves act like traffic signals, ensuri…

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